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PRE-DARK AGE BRITAIN

A proposed model for the abandonment of the Iron Age Hill forts and reorganisation of the British landscape

The modern British dwelling places suffixed with the ‘don/down’ or ‘din’ or ‘dun’ place-name descriptors when juxtaposed against Hill forts (part refuges) are so close to each other to imply a relationship. Similarly the bury/borough/burgh/brough, chester/caster, camp, some castle, castell, wick and caer place-names which occur along the Roman roads appear to be systematically connected to the forts and towns.
The conclusion drawn is that territorial reorganisation of Britain may have happened progressively during the period of Hill fort abandonment from the mid 1st millennium BC through to the sub Roman period.
Indeed the data presented suggests that the indigenous Britons (and the British language) reported in the historical sources, could be a pre-Roman resident Germanic-speaking people dwelling along with the Welsh and Picts on these isles, that had to cope with Saxons, Angles, Gaels and other groups of raiders and settlers.

KEY WORDS: Late Iron Age Britain, Pre Dark Age, Celtic Britain, Roman Britain, Anglo-Saxons, Jastorf culture, Roman Europe, Hill fort (refuge), place-names; dun, dinas, don, down, worth, wick, eccles, bury/borough/brough/burgh/, castel/castle, chester/caster, camp, by, thorpe, toft, bottle.

ROMAN EUROPE

THE RELATIONSHIP OF ROMAN FORTS AND ASSOCIATED DWELLINGS IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE

Abstract
During expansion of Roman occupation the following fort nomenclature apparently developed early namely: castel/chateau/chatel of France, castel/camp in Italy, Sicily,Corsica, Sardinia, Iberia, Rumania, the Balkans, Greece and Turkey, including Kastel/Kamp in Scandinavia, Germany, Netherlands and Austria.

Furthermore many ‘burg’ are observed on the known Roman tracks in the northern unoccupied zone of Germany and Scandinavia reaching the Baltic and further east. ‘Burg’ seemingly also developed in romanised Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Britain, France, Italy, Sicily, Crete, Sardinia, Corsica and Spain, including bordj in North Africa and the Levant.

Grad/grod/hrad are prevalent in the Balkans and other Slavic territories, including the Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.

Pyrgos/burgas occur in Greece/Cyprus/Crete/Turkey. Hisar/kale/sehir are common in Turkey.

The place-names equivalent to by, thorpe and toft which cluster in Normandy are inluded on the image for France. Similar clusters also occur in Denmark and Sweden.

The pattern of development suggests substantial population movement during the Roman Empire and Byzantine periods.

NOTE: the ‘fort’ related place-names pattern observed along the Roman and other ancient roads for continental Europe is also mirrored in Britain, see Pre- Dark Age Britain.

KEY WORDS: Roman Empire, Roman Europe, Hill fort, place-names; bury/burg/ borg/bordj, castel/chatel/chateau, camp/cam, castor/chester, grad/grod/hrad, hisar/kale/sehir/shahr. Worth/ward, bottle, by, toft, thorpe, byre, bower,vik.

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A proposed model for the abandonment of the Iron Age Hill forts and reorganisation of the British landscape

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